Space-filling curves and small-ball probabilities for the Kloosterman process

Source abstract

We construct explicitly a space-filling curve in the support of the limiting Kloosterman process, using the planar partial-sum curve of the Rudin--Shapiro sequence. The qualitative existence statement was previously attributed to J. Bober by Kowalski. The resulting curve is a closed, $1/2$-Hölder continuous loop whose image contains a specified triangle of area $1/128$. Its Fourier coefficients are purely imaginary and satisfy $|\widehat f(h)|\leq(2π|h|)^{-1}$ for $h\ne 0$. We also prove a uniform lower bound for small balls centred at closed $1/2$-Hölder curves with a fixed coefficient bound, of the form $\exp\{-C\varepsilon^{-2}\log^2(2/\varepsilon)\}$. Known functional convergence then gives a quantitative lower bound for the limiting proportion of two-parameter Kloosterman paths approximating the constructed loop.