The 2-Adic Valuation of the Order of the All-Ones Class in the Sandpile Group of a Square

Source abstract

Place one grain at every nonsink vertex of the wired $n\times n$ square, and let $L(n)$ be the order of this operation in the sandpile group. Thus $L(n)$ is the least positive $q$ for which $q$ uniform grain layers form an integral combination of toppling moves. We prove that, for every $n\ge1$, $$ν_2(L(n))= \begin{cases} 2,&n=1,\\ 1,&n\ge2\text{ even},\\ ν_2(n+1)+2,&n\ge3\text{ odd}. \end{cases}$$ For even squares, this follows from the domino--sandpile results of Florescu, Morar, Perkinson, Salter, and Xu, completed by a short parity observation. For odd squares, a unimodular cyclic basis identifies the folded cokernel with a quotient by two shifted Chebyshev polynomials and sends the all-ones class to $1$. Its order is determined by the constant part of this polynomial ideal, not just by a determinant. Two normalized Euclidean remainders reduce to consecutive Fibonacci polynomials over $\mathbb F_2$, giving the exact valuation.