Frobenius Numbers Associated with Primitive Pythagorean Quadruples

Source abstract

Let $(a,b,c,d) = \left(2mn, 2mp, m^2 - n^2 - p^2, m^2 + n^2 + p^2\right)$ be a primitive Pythagorean quadruple and let $S=\langle a, b, c, d\rangle$ be the numerical semigroup generated by $a,b,c,$ and $d.$ For convenience, we also let $Q = n^2 + p^2, δ= \gcd(n,p),$ and $n = δn_0$ for some $n_0 \in \mathbb{Z}$. In this paper, we determine the Frobenius number of $S$ and derive an explicit formula in terms of $m$, $n$, and $p$ with the assumption that $m\geq 2Q$ for $δ= 1$ and $m \geq \frac{2Q}δ - 1$ for the remaining cases. The proof is based on an explicit complete residue system modulo $2mn$, a normalization procedure for arbitrary semigroup elements, and a lift-orbit description of boundary representatives.