Millicharged particles and the degree-3 Prouhet-Tarry-Escott problem

Source abstract

We use geometry to solve a problem in arithmetic relevant for physics. Namely, for any $m$ we find all integer solutions to the equations $\sum_{i=1}^m x_i^k = \sum_{i=1}^m y_i^k$, where $k \in \{1,2,3\}$; this seems to be new for $m \geq 5$. In physics, these are the anomaly cancellation conditions for models with $m$ fermions which can be naturally light and carry small electric charges (a.k.a. millicharged or minicharged particles). The small charges arise by kinetic mixing of the Standard Model $U(1)$ gauge symmetry with an unbroken non-chiral (a.k.a. vector-like) $U(1)$ and the masses are suppressed by a spontaneously-broken chiral $U(1)$.