Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease on networks using neutrosophic algebraic structures

Source abstract

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a viral disease common among children and spreads rapidly through close-contact networks. Various studies have been conducted on neutrosophic, most recently in the field of infectious disease epidemics. Traditional epidemiological models, such as Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR), often fail to account for uncertainties and indeterminate relationships inherent in real-world disease transmission. This study introduces a modelling approach that integrates neutrosophic algebraic structures and neutrosophic graphs, providing a framework that captures both deterministic and indeterminate aspects of HFMD dynamics. The population is represented by the group of integers modulo 9, denoted as , which is transformed into a neutrosophic group to incorporate degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsehood in transmission processes. Neutrosophic graphs are constructed to illustrate the interactions between epidemiological states. By combining algebraic structures and neutrosophic, this approach offers a novel perspective on epidemic modelling and offers more adaptable and useful information into HFMD spread, particularly in environments characterized by incomplete or uncertain data.