Distribution of the inversion statistic on run-sorted permutations

Source abstract

Let $π=π_1\cdots π_n$ be a permutation. We say that $π$ is $run$-$sorted$ if $π_1=1$ and the entries immediately following the descent positions of $π$ form an increasing sequence. Let $\mathcal{R}_n$ denote the set of run-sorted permutations of length $n$, which has cardinality given by the Bell number $B_{n-1}$ for all $n \geq 1$. In this paper, we consider the joint distribution $A_n(q,u)$ on $\mathcal{R}_n$ for the parameters tracking the numbers of inversions and runs leading to a new polynomial generalization of the Bell numbers. Among our results, we find a general recurrence for $A_n(q,u)$, from which one may derive explicit formulas for the total numbers of inversions or runs in all the members of $\mathcal{R}_n$ as well as for the sign-balance on $\mathcal{R}_n$ of either parameter. A simple expression for the Eulerian generating function for $A_n(q,1)$ may be found upon making use of Gessel's $q$-exponential formula which can be extended to general $u$. Finally, a formula is found by a direct argument for the maximum number of inversions within a member of $\mathcal{R}_n$.