A Unified Framework for $p$-adic Congruences and $p$-adic Interpolations of Sequences

Source abstract

In this paper, we treat the problem of determining when a sequence $\{c_n\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ with the exponential generating function $F(t)$ satisfies the congruence $c_{n+(p^h-1)p^k}\equiv c_n \pmod{p^{k+r}}$ for large $n$ and when its canonical interpolating functions are locally analytic. This type of congruence is often observed for several number-theoretic or combinatorial sequences, such as Bernoulli numbers, Euler numbers, and Fibonacci numbers. Traditionally, such congruences are proved by using $p$-adic integrations. In this paper, we present another approach to this problem. Instead of using $p$-adic integrals, we investigate an algebraic structure of the set of generating functions and establish some conditions on $F(t)$ that are equivalent to or sufficient for the congruence and smoothness of the interpolating functions. We also provide concrete applications of our framework to Genocchi numbers, generalized Euler numbers, and so on, which are outside the scope of the typical $p$-adic integration method.