Large deviations for sparse systems of moving particles

Source abstract

We study large deviations for rare clusters in sparse systems of moving particles. In the regime $nr_n^d\to0$ and $ρ_{k,n}=n^kr_n^{d(k-1)}\to\infty$, we prove a large deviation principle for the empirical measure of isolated $k$-particle trajectory clusters. The speed is $ρ_{k,n}$, and the rate function is the relative entropy $h(\,\cdot\,\midτ_k)$, where the finite reference measure $τ_k$ explicitly incorporates the underlying path law. As consequences, we derive free-energy variational formulas for bounded interactions and a hard-core constraint and identify the corresponding minimizing cluster law. The normalized optimizer provides the basis for Metropolis--Hastings sampling of interacting trajectory clusters. As an application motivated by chain formation and swarming in active particle systems, we calibrate the resulting stochastic model to experimental trajectories of magnetic micromotors and find that the fitted velocity scale varies systematically with particle size and magnetic forcing.