On the diameter and distribution of Sidon sets

Source abstract

A Sidon set is a set $\mathcal{A}$ of integers with the property that if $0\neq a-b=c-d$ and $a,b,c,d\in\mathcal{A}$, then $(a,b)=(c,d)$. Our main result is an improved and explicit bound on the diameter of a Sidon set: if $\mathcal{A}$ is a Sidon set with $k\ge 1$ elements, then $$\operatorname{diam}(\mathcal{A}) \ge k^2 \left(\frac{1}{1 + 0.945/\sqrt{k}}-\frac{0.945}{\sqrt k}\right) -1;$$ in particular, $\operatorname{diam}(\mathcal{A})\ge k^2-1.89 k^{3/2}$. This implies that if $\mathcal{A}\subseteq[1,N]$ is a Sidon set, then $|\mathcal{A}| \le N^{1/2}+0.945 \, N^{1/4}+0.447$. Our technique also gives an improved bound for the case of large $k$, namely $\operatorname{diam}(\mathcal{A}) \ge k^2-1.88607 k^{3/2}$ for $k\ge 483$. A $γ$-Golomb ruler is a set $\mathcal{A}$ of integers with the property that there are not $γ+1$ distinct pairs $(a_i,b_i)\in\mathcal{A}^2$ with $0\neq a_1-b_1=\cdots=a_{γ+1}-b_{γ+1}$. Our diameter bounds extend in a natural way to the case of Golomb rulers. Our techniques can also be adapted to address a number of questions on the distribution of Golomb rulers: we provide upper bounds on the two quantities $\left|a_\ell-a_1 -\frac{\ell-1}{k-1}(a_k-a_1)\right|$ and $\max_{1\le i<k} (a_{i+1}-a_i)$, where $\mathcal{A}=\{a_1<\dots<a_k\}$ is a $γ$-Golomb ruler with $\operatorname{diam}(\mathcal{A})\le (k^2-bk^{3/2})/γ$ (where $b\in \mathbb{R}$ is a free parameter).