Catalan-many tropical morphisms to trees; Part II: A space and a count

Source abstract

In their work on Brill-Noether theory, Eisenbud and Harris established the geometry of the universal parameter space of linear series over curves, proving that for even genus $g$ and degree $d = g/2 + 1$, the projection to the moduli space of curves is a finite cover of degree equal to the Catalan number $C_{g/2} = \frac{1}{g/2+1}\binom{g}{g/2}$. In this paper, we construct the tropical counterpart of this universal family: a polyhedral cone complex $\mathcal{G}_{g \to 0, d}^{\mathrm{trop}}$ parametrizing degree-$d$ tropical morphisms from genus-$g$ metric graphs to metric trees. For even $g$ and $d = g/2 + 1$, we prove that the forgetful projection $Π\colon \mathcal{G}_{g \to 0, d}^{\mathrm{trop}} \to \mathcal{M}_{g}^{\mathrm{trop}}$ is a branched cover of degree $C_{g/2}$ equipped with natural determinantal multiplicities. We compute this degree by showing that on caterpillars of loops the morphisms are in bijection with ballot sequences, and we establish its global invariance across $\mathcal{M}_{g}^{\mathrm{trop}}$ via a tropical balancing condition across codimension-$1$ walls. Via deformation and path lifting, this yields an effective method to construct Catalan-many gonality-witnessing maps for any generic metric graph, establishing that the tree gonality of any genus-$g$ metric graph is at most $\lceil g/2 \rceil + 1$.