Invariant and Super-median Functions for Perturbed Heat Kernels

Source abstract

We study super-median and invariant functions for positive and negative Schrödinger perturbations of non-negative kernels. For positive perturbations, combining Dynkin's formula for the original kernel with Duhamel's formula for the perturbation, we derive perturbed Dynkin-type identities and give integrability conditions ensuring invariance. When the perturbed kernel is given by the perturbation series, we obtain a sufficient condition for a function to be super-median without additional integrability assumptions. We also decompose every finite non-negative solution of Duhamel's equation into the perturbation series and a non-negative solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation. For negative perturbations, we obtain analogous identities under an explicit finiteness condition. We also construct functions satisfying Dynkin's formula using zero-resolvents and compensated kernels. Examples involving Gaussian, fractional, and Bessel kernels illustrate the invariance criteria and the role of non-uniqueness in Duhamel's equation.