Quartic Keller Maps and Tameness in Three Variables
Jie Wang, Dan Yan
Source abstract
We study invertibility and tameness for polynomial maps of affine three-space of total degree at most four. We prove that every complex Keller map in this degree range is a polynomial automorphism and, independently, that every complex polynomial automorphism of total degree at most four is tame. The invertibility argument combines homogeneous factorization of the leading part, invariant rings of conic pencils, and residue obstructions on cubic fibers. The tameness argument uses a criterion based on a constant second directional derivative, low-degree coordinate classifications, and local tameness of plane polynomial automorphisms over a polynomial parameter ring. The invertibility conclusion extends to every field of characteristic zero.
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