Global Dynamics of Three-Dimensional Lotka–Volterra Competition Models with Seasonal Succession: I. Classification of Dynamics

Source abstract

Abstract. The current series of two papers focus on a three-dimensional Lotka–Volterra competition model of differential equations with seasonal succession, which exhibits that populations experience an external periodically forced environment. In the first part of the series, we first use a novel technique to construct an index formula for the associated Poincaré map, by which we thoroughly classify the dynamics of the model into 33 classes via the equivalence relation relative to boundary dynamics. More precisely, we show that in classes 1–18, there is no positive fixed point and that every orbit tends to a certain boundary fixed point, while for classes 19–33, there exists at least one (but not necessarily unique) positive fixed point, that is, a positive harmonic time-periodic solution of the model. Among them, the dynamics is trivial in classes 19–25 and 33 provided that the positive fixed point is unique. We emphasize that, unlike the corresponding two-dimensional system, a major significant difference and difficulty for the analysis of the global dynamics for the three-dimensional system is that it may not possess the uniqueness of the positive fixed point. In the forthcoming second part of the series, we shall address the issues of (non)uniqueness of the positive fixed points for the associated Poincaré map.