Trivariate $P$- and $Q$-polynomial structures for interior shells of the Grassmann scheme

Source abstract

Association schemes induced on the shells of the Grassmann scheme $Gr_q(N,a)$ form an important family in the study of multivariate $P$- and $Q$-polynomial structures. For $a<N/2$, the scheme induced on the furthest shell $X_a$ is the known bivariate $P$- and $Q$-polynomial scheme arising from attenuated spaces. In this paper, we prove that, for every $1\leq i\leq a-1$, the association scheme induced on the interior shell $X_i$ is both trivariate $P$-polynomial and trivariate $Q$-polynomial. The two structures share a common index set consisting of the lattice points of a bounded non-simplicial polyhedron. We establish the $P$-polynomial property through combinatorial interpretations of the intersection numbers. Using Dunkl's coordinate description of $X_i$ and the addition theorem, together with recurrence relations for the $q$-Hahn and $q$-Krawtchouk polynomials, we obtain the required vanishing and nonvanishing conditions for the Krein parameters, and hence the $Q$-polynomial structure. Motivated by this index set, we extend the notion of an $A_M$-Leonard pair from simplicial to polyhedral domains and show that every interior shell carries a polyhedral $A_3$-Leonard pair.