Modular periodicity of the Euler up/down numbers at odd prime powers

Source abstract

Let $E_n$ denote the number of alternating permutations of $\{1,\dots,n\}$, equivalently characterized by $\sum_{n\ge0}E_nz^n/n!=\sec z+\tan z$. For every $q\ge1$, the sequence $(E_n\bmod q)_{n\ge0}$ is eventually periodic; let $d(q)$ and $s(q)$ denote its minimal eventual period and preperiod. For every odd prime $p$, Knuth and Buckholtz proved $d(p)=\operatorname{lcm}(p-1,4)$ together with \[ d(p^r)\mid p^{r-1}d(p), \qquad s(p^r)\le r, \] and Ramassamy conjectured that both bounds are attained for every $r\ge1$. In this paper, we introduce an algebraic frequency expansion for the Euler numbers over $S_r=(\mathbb Z/p^r\mathbb Z)[x]/(x^2+1)$. Using Hurwitz series, the Euler sequence is represented algebraically as a finite combination of formal exponential modes, in a manner reminiscent of Fourier analysis. Using this expansion, we prove \[ d(p^r)=p^{r-1}d(p) \qquad \text{for every odd prime $p$ and every $r\ge1$}, \] thereby establishing Ramassamy's period conjecture. We also disprove the preperiod conjecture by proving \[ s(5^5)\le4<5. \] Finally, we prove that $5^5$ is the smallest odd prime power for which $s(p^r)\ne r$, and based on our findings we conjecture \[ s(p^r)\ge r-2 \] for every odd prime $p$ and every $r\ge2$.