A parametric Catalan-type congruence for generalized central trinomial coefficients

Source abstract

Let $p>3$ be a prime, and let $b,c$ be integers with $p\nmid b+2c$. We obtain an explicit congruence modulo $p^2$ for the sum of $\binom{2k}{k}T_{2k}(b,c^2)/(4^k(k+1)(b+2c)^{2k})$ from $k=0$ to $(p-1)/2$, where $T_n(b,c)$ denotes the generalized central trinomial coefficient. This gives a parametric formula for the sum considered in a question of Wang and Cui. The proof uses a constant term representation and a logarithmic generating function to reduce the sum to two coefficients of an algebraic generating function. A differential identity and a coefficientwise polynomial congruence then yield the desired evaluation. The formula also applies when $p$ divides $b$ or $b-2c$.