Comparative Analysis of the Sine and Cosine Rules in Indonesian and Singaporean Mathematics Textbooks
Puja Teressa Fawensi, Cecil Hiltrimartin, Ely Susanti
Source record
Source: Crossref
Published: Oct 24, 2026
DOI: 10.23960/jpp.v16i4.pp2042-2060
Open original source ↗Source abstract
Students continue to struggle with the sine and cosine rules because textbook content and questions do not fully support the development of mathematical abilities. This study aims to analyze and compare how Indonesian and Singaporean textbooks present content and question characteristics related to the sine and cosine rules. The study employed a qualitative descriptive-comparative method. The research objects were the Grade 11 Advanced Mathematics textbook based on the Merdeka Curriculum, the Grade 10 Mathematics textbook based on the 2013 Curriculum, and New Discovering Mathematics 3B from Singapore. Data were collected through document analysis and analyzed using qualitative content analysis, focusing on facts, concepts, principles, question cognitive levels based on Bloom’s Taxonomy, the availability of problem-solving questions, and alignment with the PISA framework. The results showed significant differences among the three textbooks. The Merdeka Curriculum textbook demonstrates strengths in knowledge construction through a guided discovery approach, supports problem-to-prove problem-solving, and promotes mathematical literacy through PISA questions involving the formulating and interpreting processes. The 2013 Curriculum textbook places greater emphasis on procedural skills through an expository-deductive approach and a dominance of C3-level questions. Meanwhile, the Singaporean textbook demonstrates strengths in connecting concepts through an integrative approach, supports problem-to-find problem-solving and mathematical reasoning through a dominance of C4-level questions involving geometric analysis. These findings indicate the need for textbook development that balances content presentation through concept exploration and inter-conceptual connections while supporting conceptual understanding, mathematical reasoning, mathematical literacy, and problem-solving. Keywords: comparative analysis, cosine rule, Indonesian textbook, sine rule, Singaporean textbook.
Evidence graph
No public relationships recorded yet.
Integrity note: This page is a factual metadata record created by deterministic ingestion. It is not a claim that the work moves a mathematical frontier or has been independently verified.