analysis / Free probability; operator algebras

Voiculescu's question: do microstates and nonmicrostates free entropy agree when finite?

Claims a negative answer: a bounded self-adjoint tuple with −∞<χ(X)≤χ∗(X)−12<∞-\infty<\chi(X)\le\chi^*(X)-\tfrac12<\infty, built as a small semicircular perturbation of free semicirculars tensored with a commuting discrete variable. It does NOT settle equality for every smaller number of variables (the example uses a large fixed nn), and uses the limsup version of χ\chi; equality under the known convexity conditions is unaffected.

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analysisSep 25, 2026Significance 34/100Registry: lean checked

Voiculescu's question: do microstates and nonmicrostates free entropy agree when finite?

Prior state unknown→disproved

Claims a negative answer: a bounded self-adjoint tuple with −∞<χ(X)≤χ∗(X)−12<∞-\infty<\chi(X)\le\chi^*(X)-\tfrac12<\infty, built as a small semicircular perturbation of free semicirculars tensored with a commuting discrete variable. It does NOT settle equality for every smaller number of variables (the example uses a large fixed nn), and uses the limsup version of χ\chi; equality under the known convexity conditions is unaffected.

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Claims a negative answer: a bounded self-adjoint tuple with −∞<χ(X)≤χ∗(X)−12<∞-\infty<\chi(X)\le\chi^*(X)-\tfrac12<\infty, built as a small semicircular perturbation of free semicirculars tensored with a commuting discrete variable. It does NOT settle equality for every smaller number of variables (the example uses a large fixed nn), and uses the limsup version of χ\chi; equality under the known convexity conditions is unaffected.

Claims a negative answer: a bounded self-adjoint tuple with −∞<χ(X)≤χ∗(X)−12<∞-\infty<\chi(X)\le\chi^*(X)-\tfrac12<\infty, built as a small semicircular perturbation of free semicirculars tensored with a commuting discrete variable. It does NOT settle equality for every smaller number of variables (the example uses a large fixed nn), and uses the limsup version of χ\chi; equality under the known convexity conditions is unaffected.

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